My next post about the Geology of the National Parks Through Pictures is from when I had lived in Texas during the early 2000's.
You can find more Geology of the National Parks Through Pictures as well as my Geological State Symbols Across America series at my website Dinojim.com.
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This is another park that we had visited a long time ago (2003) and I don't have the most geologically themed photos as compared to some of the newer parks that we have visited however the geology is obvious at this park.
Our standard entrance photo shot, even way back then.
View of the surrounding grounds from near the cave entrance. The modern environment sort of mimics the ancient environment in which the limestone was initially formed. The cave system itself was formed mostly within a formation known as the Capitan Limestone. The Capitan Limestone formed back in the Permian (~276 million years ago) as a reef along the edge of the Delaware Basin, which contained the Delaware Sea, to the east.
Map of the Delaware Basin. Carlsbad Caverns are "CB" on the map. Image courtesy of Stafford et el., 2009 |
Following deposition of the Permian Reef, the area was eventually uplifted into the Guadalupe Mountains starting 80 million years ago and accelerating 20-30 million years ago as faulting exposed the once buried reef eventually forming the mountains as we see them today.
Carlsbad Caverns postcard depicting a map of the caves. Image courtesy of Visit Carlsbad. |
Cave systems are typically formed by the slow dissolution of limestone by a weak carbonic acid. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that forms the limestone reacts with the weak acid (H2CO3) that forms when rain water reacts with carbon dioxide. This acid will then slowly dissolve the limestone as rain water percolates through the limestone along cracks and fissures working it's way to the underground water table.
The natural entrance to the caves then formed once the sulfuric acid baths had retreated ~one million years ago and erosion and gravity force the the ground surface to start to collapse in. At this point "normal" cave development took place with the formation of typical speleothems occurring
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